| Abstract | Uzevši u obzir kontinuirani rast turističke potražnje i razvoj turizma, za očekivati je da će se razvijati sve vrste turizma. Samim time turizam ima sve veći predznak masovnosti. Masovni turizam donosi mnoge negativne posljedice za lokalno stanovništvo i razvoj turizma općenito. Uništava lokalnu kulturu i tradiciju, stvara gužve, povećava otpad i ima općenito jako štetne učinke na okoliš. S obzirom da se očekuje da će potražnja još više rasti, samim time će rasti i negativne posljedice turizma.
Jedna od vrsta turizma koji iznimno zagađuju okoliš je turizam kružnih putovanja. Brodovi za kružna putovanja jako onečišćuju zrak, vode i zemljišta. Osim otpada koji stvaraju, ujedno ispuštaju velike koncentracije štetnih plinova iz goriva. Na ruti brodova za kružna putovanja se nalaze brojne luke, te samim time onečišćavaju nekoliko različitih lokaliteta, te svi štetni plinovi izgaraju u blizini naseljenih mjesta.
Prema mnogim studijama onečišćenja zraka povećavaju rizik od raznih respiratornih bolesti i preuranjene smrti. To, pak, uzrokuje troškove vezane, između ostalih, i za povećani rizik po zdravlje lokalnog stanovništva.
Unatoč pandemijskim godinama 2020. i 2021., za luku Split su predviđanja posjeta brodova za kružna putovanja znatno veća nego ikad u zadnjih 10 godina, te ukoliko se trend nastavi onečišćenje će postati jako veliko, posebice ono urokovano emisijama PM2,5 čestica.
U nedostatku podataka za grad Split, kako onih o onečišćenju zraka, tako i onih vezanih za rizik po zdravlje stanovništva zbog onečišćenja zraka, a koje je bilo nemoguće prikupiti s obzirom na njihovu prirodu, kao i potrebne resurse, u istraživanju su se koristili rezultati istraživanja u drugim europskim zemljama te su projicirani na grad Split.
Istraživanje je pokazalo da, unatoč relativno dobroj kvaliteti zraka, trošak uupnog onečiščenja zraka, izračunat koristeći VOLY pokazatelj, nije mali. Nadalje, ustanovljeno je i da trošak onečiščenja zraka po osnovi PM2.5 emisija s brodova na kružnim putovanjima u sljedećih 10 godina iznosi više od 3 milijuna EUR (na temelju pokazatelja YLL).
Zakjučno, preloženo je razviti standarde i ekonomske instrumente kojima bi se smanjilo onečišćenje zraka s brodova za kružna putovanja, a dugoročno rješenje bila bi izgradnja infrastrukture u gradskoj luci koja bi omogućila apsolutni prestanak rada motora broda za vrijeme boravka u luci. To se može na prvi pogled činiti skupim rješenjem, ali gledajući s aspekta izbjegnutih troškova po zdravlje lokalnog stanovništva, ono je sasvim realno i opravdano. |
| Abstract (english) | Taking into consideration the continuous growth of tourist demand and the development of tourism, it is possible to expect that all types of tourism will develop. Therefore, mass tourism will be increased significantly . Mass tourism brings many negative impacts for the local population and for the development of tourism in general. It destroys local culture and traditions, creates congestion, increases waste and generally has very harmful effects on the environment. Given that demand is expected to grow even more, the negative impacts of tourism will also grow.
One of the types of tourism that extremely pollutes the environment is round trip tourism. Cruise ships pollute air, water and land heavily. In addition to the waste they create, they also release large concentrations of harmful gases from the fuel. There are numerous ports on the route of cruise ships, and thus they pollute several different localities, and all harmful gases are burned near populated areas.
According to many studies, air pollution causes increased risk of various respiratory diseases and death. Consequently, the costs of pollution occur, some of them being related to the increased risk of illness and premature death of local population.
Despite the pandemic years of 2020 and 2021, for the port of Split, the predictions of visits by cruise ships are significantly higher than at any time in the last 10 years, and if the trend continues, the pollution will become very large. This is particularly true to the pollution due to PM2,5 emissions.
The research presented in this paper is based on the results of different projects carried out in the Europe and their implementation on the city of Split. In fact, the research suffered severe lack of available data for the city of Split – this relates not only to the air pollution but also to the health risks of loca population due to air pollution. Additionally, it was impossible to gain primary data due to the nature of data and the available resources.
The research pointed out that, despite relatively good quality of the air, the costs of air pollution are not insignificant, using VOLY indicator. In addition, it was established that the costs of air pollution due to OM2,5 emission from cruise ships in the next 10 years will reach more that 3 million Euro (based on the YLL indicator).
In conclusion, it is recommended to create new, more severe environmental standards and instruments to decrease the air pollution from cruise ships. Long-term solution would be to provide new infrastructure in the city port that would enable not to use ship engines during the entire stay in the port. It might be expensive, but it seems completely justified taking into the account avoided costs related to the health risks of local population. |
