The main purpose of this paper is to illustrate the benefits, motives and costs that arise in the process of rehabilitation or liquidation of banks, and to analyze the impact of a systemic banking crisis on banking sector activities. Banking crises are becoming increasingly common, and when the same occurs, it is necessary to take certain measures of rehabilitation for recovery of the banking system. At the same time it is important to take into account the benefits and costs that the rehabilitation brings. The bank whose social costs of termination are high is regarded as a systemically important bank. Therefore, it can be said that not only does the banking system benefit from rehabilitation of such a bank, but so do society and economy as a whole. Until recently, bank rehabilitation costs have affected the taxpayers, but with the entry into force of the Directive of the European Parliament and the Council on setting up a framework for the recovery and rehabilitation of credit institutions and investment companies, the costs are primarily borne by the bank's shareholders and creditors. When the rehabilitation does not achieve positive results, the process of liquidation takes place. To carry out a good process of rehabilitation or liquidation, the process must be preceded by effective, both legal and regulatory acts.