| Sažetak | Do 1911. g. Kinom je vladala dinastija Qing, a država je bila pod konstantnim hegemonijskim pritiscima izvana ( Japan, Britanija, Rusija ). Višestruki vojni porazi i nedovoljna modernizacija sustava, a k tome i brojne povlastice dane strancima u narodu su probudili izrazit animozitet prema dinastiji i doveli je do kraha. Više puta pokušalo ih se zbaciti sa trona, ali kap koja je prelila čašu bio je pokušaj privatizacije javne željeznice koja bi se potom dala strancima na korištenje 1910. g. Slijedi uspostava republike sa nacionalističkom strankom Kuomintang na čelu, ali to dovodi do novih društvenih tenzija i građanskog rata između Komunističke partije i Kuomintanga. Sjekire su privremeno zakopane zbog vanjske prijetnje – invazija Japana na Kinu 1937. Krajem globalnog rata i pobjedom Kine koja je bila na strani Saveznika, staro neprijateljstvo se ponovno budi. Krvavi građanski rat je trajao 4 godine. KPK 1949. g. uspijeva doći do vlasti i uspostavlja Narodnu Republiku, a Kuomintang donosi odluku o političkom zbjegu na Tajvan. Vođa partije, Mao Zedong predvođen komunističkim idealima po uzoru na sovjete, donosi niz agrarnih reformi i provodi kolektivizaciju i nacionalizaciju cijele zemlje. Nakon početnog kratkoročnog uzleta dolazi do socioekonomske katastrofe uzrokovane nizom loših političkih odluka donesenim u „Velikom koraku naprijed“. Maovo neznanje i površnost koštaju života milijune Kineza ( oko 5 % populacije ). Nakon više desetljeća žestoke represije režima i radikalnih reformi koje su uzrokovale političke progone i brojne ljudske patnje dolazi do želje za sveobuhvatnim promjenama, kako u narodu tako i u partiji. Odlučeno je da će se provesti politička i ekonomska liberalizacija. 1978. g. uvode se prvi kapitalistički eksperimentalni modeli. Firme su po prvi put dobile priliku da samostalno prodaju robu na tržištu i zadrže dodanu vrijednost, a ne da je moraju davati državi po niskim cijenama. '80- ih dolazi do dodatne reformacije kojom se povećava autonomija direktora, a '90-ih počinje proces privatizacije u raznim industrijskim poduzećima. Kao rezultat ovih tržišnih reformi, NR Kina je doživjela enormnu gospodarsku ekspanziju dosad neviđenih razmjera. S ekonomskom snagom rastao je i geopolitički utjecaj i danas je Kina supersila koja je samostalno razvila vlastiti svemirski program i nuklearno naoružanje. Jedna je od rijetkih globalnih ekonomija koja uspijeva konkurirati američkom gospodarstvu, a nije nemoguće da ga u budućnosti i pretekne. Standard življenja kineza se poprilično povećao, a sve zahvaljujući porastu stranih investicija i trgovine, kako na unutarnjem tržištu tako i u globalnim razmjerima. Inicijativa „Pojas i put“ još će više ojačati kinesku poziciju u budućnosti. |
| Sažetak (engleski) | Until 1911 China was ruled by Qing dynasty, state was under constant external hegemonic pressures ( Japan, Britain, Russia ). Multiple military defeats and insufficient modernization, as well as many benefits given to foreigners, woke up animosity among people towards dynasty which led to it's final downfall. Many times earlier they tried to dethrone the dynasty, but the attempt to privatize public railroad that should have become foreign was overmuch. Afterwards, the establishment of a republic by Kuomintang party has provoked new social tensions and ultimately a civil war between Communist party and nationalists. The axes were temporarily buried because of the external threat – invasion of Japan on China in 1937. At the end of global conflict, with China on the side of Allies, old hostility awakens again. Bloody civil war lasted for 4 years. Communist party managed to take over the power and declared People's Republic, Kuomintang makes a decision to escape on Taiwan. Leader of the Party, Mao Zedong led by communist ideals modeled by soviets, brings comprehensive agrarian reforms and implements process of colectivization and nationalization of the entire country. After initial short-term rise, occurs great socioeconomic disaster caused by a series of bad political decisions adopted during „Great Leap Forward“. Mao's ignorance and superficiality costed so many Chinese lives ( approximately 5 % of the entire population ). After couple of decades marked with strong repression of the regime and radical reforms which caused political persecutions and a lot of human suffering, a desire for universal change is being born, both among the people and in the Party. It was decided that political and economic liberalization should be initiated. In 1978. first capitalistic experimental models were conducted. In this period, firms got the chance for the first time to sell their goods on the market independently, they are no longer obligated to sell their goods to state at low prices. In the '80s process of reformation advanced, this is most visible in the context of growing autonomy of the directors. In the '90s process of privatization is initiated in various industrial companies. As a result of these market reforms, PR China has experienced enormous economic expansion, of unprecedented proportions. With economic strength comes stronger geopolitical influence, today China is superpower that developed it's own space program and nuclear weapons. It is one of the rare world economies that manages to compete with American economy, and it is not impossible for China to overtake first role in world. Living standard has risen greatly, all thanks to FDI and development of commerce. „One belt, one road“ initiative should strengthen Chinese role even more. |
